Data sources and credits
Flashbao uses dictionaries, linguistic datasets, language tools and official exam lists. This page shows what we use each source for and gives its licence where available.
We don't use generative AI to write flashcard text. Definitions, example sentences and character notes come from the sources below.
- Definitions, pinyin and measure words
- Taiwan Ministry of Education dictionariesAttribution: 中華民國教育部 (Ministry of Education, R.O.C.)Additional Chinese usage examples and reading references · 《國語辭典簡編本》 (Concise Dictionary) · version: dict_concised_2014_20260929 · official use instructions (Concise Dictionary)Canonical Chengyu membership and reading references · 《成語典》 (MOE Idiom Dictionary) · version: dict_idioms_2020_20260929 · Traditional headwords are preserved · official use instructions (Idiom Dictionary)
- Word segmentation for learner-submitted text
- Word segmentation for seeded Chinese sentencesHanLP 2.1.5 · HanLP’s fine-grained Chinese tokenizer was used offline to prepare token boundaries for seeded sentences. Model weights are not distributed.
- Character origins, component roles and book-corpus word frequency
- Definitions for exact-reading syllabus terms missing from CC-CEDICT, word origins with source meanings, classical citations, related words and register labelsEnglish Wiktionary · Structured data via Wiktextract/kaikki.org; relation extraction also uses the official English Wiktionary dump · text is also available under GFDL
- Unicode character data and security mappingsSimilar-looking characters · Unicode Technical Standard #39 · Single-character Han mappings from confusables.txt
- Stroke-order animation and handwriting quizzes
- Stroke-order character data
- Character decomposition
- Fonts for rare characters and character components
- WordNet relation sourcesThe OMW Mandarin mappings are used under the WordNet licence.Additional Mandarin relation lemmas · Open Multilingual Wordnet · COW and CWN Mandarin synset mappings
- Additional Mandarin relation lemmas
- Additional Mandarin relation lemmasTUFS Basic Vocabulary Wordnets · Relation-only Mandarin synset memberships
- Word frequency and part of speechSUBTLEX-CH · Cai & Brysbaert (2010), PLoS ONE
- Validated parallel evidence for a small meaning-order projectionDerived ordering evidence only; raw corpora are not served
- Example sentencesTatoeba · Full-corpus projection from pinned per-language exports
- HSK/YCT/BCT membership, HSK grammar levels and grammar reference dataChinese Testing International · Official HSK grammar cases are retained for validation and served by the learner API as Chinese-only fallbacks when a grammar point has no vetted corpus sentence or dictionary illustration
- TOCFL deck membershipSteering Committee for the Test of Proficiency-Huayu (SC-TOP) · Source pinyin selects the matching CC-CEDICT reading
- Taiwanese Mandarin readings and English glosses for exact unmatched vocabularyNational Academy for Educational Research (NAER), Basic Vocabulary · 2022-09-20 workbook; the source states all rights reserved
- Fallback English definitions for unmatched syllabus readingsHSK Mock · Used when other dictionary sources do not supply a matching definition; its level tags do not determine deck membership
Licensing notes
Flashbao reformats, combines and abridges source material, and applies limited editorial corrections. Material from CC-CEDICT, Dong Chinese and Wiktionary is provided under the ShareAlike licences linked above.
A source shown without a licence is credited for transparency; the credit does not imply that the material is openly licensed. Any reuse remains subject to the source's own terms.
Flashbao is independent and is not affiliated with or endorsed by Chinese Testing International, Hanban/CLEC or SC-TOP. Dataset names and trademarks belong to their owners. Found an attribution error? Let us know.